INFORMATION WAR AS A MECHANISM OF CONDUCTING INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Słowa kluczowe: international competition, cognitive sphere, information, disinformation, propaganda

Abstrakt

The article focuses on information war used by the Russian Federation as part of its holistic approach to conducting international competition. Through a critical analysis of Russian literature and operational practice, the mechanisms of its application and challenges to the security of European states were identified. Through the research it was established that the Russian perception of contemporary international rivalry is based on the idea of playing out the struggle in people's minds, and its foundation is the concept of new generation war. The article justifies that information war is a holistic concept of influencing people's cognitive sphere and forming their behavioral attitudes in line with Russia's expectations. Moreover, it is suggested that in the strategic dimension, information war allows to achieve the goals of international rivalry or create conditions for achieving them, without the need for military force. In this context, conducting information campaigns integrated with psychological operations in cyberspace is a weapon of the Russian government, which is used to discredit legitimate authorities and weaken the political, economic and social systems of European states.

Bibliografia

Ajir M. and Vailliant B., Russian Information Warfare: Implications for Deterrence Theory, Strategic Studies Quarterly, Fall 2018, Maxwell AFB 2018.

Antonovich PI., O sushchnosti i soderzhanii kibervoyny [On the essence and meaning of cyberwarfare], Voennaya Mysl’ № 07/2011, Москва 2011.

Background to “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections”: The Analytic Process and Cyber Incident Attribution, U.S. Office of the Director of National Intelligence 07.01.2017.

Banasik M., Wojna hybrydowa w teorii i praktyce Federacji Rosyjskiej [Hybrid warfare in the theory and practice of the Russian Federation], Bellona nr 4/2015, Warsaw 2015.

Bērziņš J., Russia’s New Generation Warfare in Ukraine: Implications for Latvian Defense Policy, Policy Paper 2, Center for Security and Strategic Research, National Defence Academy of Lativa 2014.

Bērziņš J., The Theory and Practice of New Generation Warfare: The Case of Ukraine and Syria, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, 2020. 355-380, https://doi.org/110.1080/13518046.2020.182410.

Bittman L., The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View, Washington 1985.

Blank S., Signs of New Russian Thinking About the Military and War, Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 11 Issue: 28, 2014. 13.02.2014, https://jamestown.org/program/signs-of-new-russian-thinking-about-the-military-and-war/, accessed 22.02.2021.

Brovkin V., Russia after Lenin, Londyn and New York 2005.

Buravlev A.I., О zadachakh mnogokriterial’nogo vybora, Vooruzhenie i èkonomika No1 (55)/2021; http://www.viek.ru/55/131-138.pdf, accessed 11.11.2021.

Chekinov SG. and Bogdanov SA., O kharaktere i soderzhanii voyny novogo pokoleniya [On the Nature and Content of the New Generation War], Voennaya Mysl’ No. 4, Moscow 2013.

Chekinov SG. and Bogdanov SA., Voennoe iskusstvo na nachal’nom ètape XXI stoletiya: problemy isuzhdeniya [The Art of War at the Beginning of the 21st Century: Problems and Judgments], Voennaya Mysl’ No. 1, Moscow 2015.

Chekinow SG. and Bogdanow SA., Prognozirowanije charaktiera i sodierżanija vojn buduszczego: problemy i sużdienija [Predicting the Nature and Content of Future Wars: Problems and Judgments], Vojennaja Mysl, Nr 10, Moscow 2015.

Cierniak J., Subwersja czyli sztuka inteligentnego oporu [Subversion or the art of intelligent resistance], Portal Krytyka.org, 13.06.2012, http://krytyka.org/subwersja-czyli-sztuka-inteligentnego-oporu/, accessed 03.07.2019.

Čižik T., (ed.), Information Warfare – New Security Challenge for Europe, Centre for European and North Atlantic Affairs (CENAA), Bratislava 2017.

Collison C., Russia’s Information War: Old Strategies, New Tools. How Russia Built an Information Warfare Strategy for the 21st Century and What the West can Learn from the Ukraine Experience, 2017, https://jsis.washington.edu/ellisoncenter/wp-content/uploads/sites/13/2017/05/collison_chris_Russia%E2%80%99s-Information-War-Old-Strategies-New-Tools-How-Russia-Built-an-Information-Warfare-Strategy.pdf, accessed 11.11.2020.

Conley HA., Mina J., Stefanov R. and Vladimirov M., The Kremlin Playbook. Understanding Russian Influence in Central and Eastern Europe, Lanham • Boulder • New York • London 2016.

Connell M. and Vogler S., Russia’s Approach to Cyber Warfare, Washington 2016.

Danik Yu., Malyarchuk T. and Briggs Ch., Gibridnaya voyna: khay-tek, informatsionnye i kiber konflikty [Hybrid warfare: high-tech, information and cyber conflicts], Connections QJ16, no. 2, 2017.

Darczewska J., Anatomia rosyjskiej wojny informacyjnej. Operacja krymska - studium przypadku [Anatomy of Russian information warfare. The Crimean operation - a case study], (in:) Punkt widzenia 2014, nr 42, wyd. OSW, Warsaw.

Fridman O., Gibridnaya voyna ponyaty, Review of International Relations, 5(50), 79-85, King’s Research Portal 2016; https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/195273338.pdf, accessed 27.12. 2021.

Giles K., Handbook of Russian Information Warfare, Rome 2016.

Giles K. and Seaboyer A., The Russian Information Warfare Construct, Kingston 2019.

Giles K., Sherr J. and Seaboyer A., Russian Reflexive Controle, Ontario 2018.

Hoffman F., The Contemporary Spectrum of Conflict: Protracted, Gray Zone, Ambiguous, and Hybrid Modes of War, The Heritage Foundation 2016.

Hwang T., Digital disinformation: A primer, Atlantic Council, Washington 2017.

Information Security Doctrine of The Russian Federation, Moscow 2000.

Kasapoglu C., Russia’s Renewed Military Thinking:Non-Linear Warfare and Reflexive Control, Research Paper NATO Defense College No. 121, Rome 2015, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/195099/rp_121.pdf, accessed 04.06.2015.

Kennan GF., [w:] Harlow GD., Maerz GC., eds., Measures Short of War: The George F. Kennan Lectures at the National War College, 1946–1947, Washington 1991, https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/139669/1991-05_Measures_Short_War.pdf, accessed 16.10.2019.

Kisielew WA., K kakim vojnam nieobchodimo gotowit́ Woorużennyje Siły Rossii, Vojennaja Mysl, Nr 4, Moscow 2017.

Kosachev I.M., Kuleshov Yu.E., Anoshkin I.M., Obosnovanie neobkhodimosti sozdaniya edinoy sistemy vozdushno-kosmicheskoy oborony soyuznogo gosudarstva v vostochnoevropeyskom regione kollektivnoy bezopasnosti, Vestnik Voennoy Akademii Respubliki Belarus’, No 1 (50) 2016, https://varb.mil.by/nauka/vestnik/PDF/Vestnik_1-2016.pdf, accessed 31.03.2016.

Kraynyukov P.E, Abashin V.G., Singilevich D.A., Protivodeystvie primeneniyu protivnikom v gibridnoy voyne informatsionno-psikhologicheskogo oruzhiya, in: Sovremenny miroporyadok i ego vliyanie na natsional’nuyu bezopasnost’ Rossiyskoy Federatsii, Moskva 2020, https://www.rusarmyexpo.ru/business_program/4096/33362.html, accessed 27.09.2020.

Little Green Men: A Primer on Modern Russian Unconventional Warfare, Ukraine 2013–2014, Fort Bragg 2016.

Lucas E. and Pomeranzev P., Winning the Information War, Washington 2016.

Mazarr M.J., Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding a Changing Era of Conflict, Army War College Press, December 2015.

Messner Y., Choczesz Mira, Pobiedi Miatieżewojnu! [You want Peace, Defeat Rebellion!], Moscow 2005.

Morris L., Mazarr M., Jeffrey M., Hornung W., Pezard S., Binnendijk A. and Kepe M., Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone. Response Options for Coercive Aggression Below the Threshold of Major War, Santa Monica 2019.

Mshvidobadze K., The Battlefield on Your Laptop, 21.03.2011, https://www.rferl.org/a/commentary_battlefield_on_your_desktop/2345202.html, accessed 06.11.2020.

Polyakova A. and Boyer SP., The Future Of Political Warfare: Russia, The West, And The Coming Age Of Global Digital Competition, The New Geopolitics Europe 2018.

Pronk D., The Return of Political Warfare, Strategic Monitor 2018-2019.

Riesinger H. and Golts A., Hybrider Krieg in der Ukraine. Russlands Intervention und die Lehren für die NATO [Hybrid War in Ukraine. Russia's Intervention and the Lessons for NATO], „Osteuropa” 2014, nr 9–10.

Roberts JQ., Maskirovka 2.0: Hybrid Threat, Hybrid Response, Washington 2015.

Robinson L., Helmus TC., Cohen RS., Nader A., Radin A., Magnuson M. and Migacheva K., Modern Political Warfare. Current Practices and Possible Responses, Santa Monica 2019.

Russia Military Power. Building a Military to Support Great Power Aspirations, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington 2017.

Selhor AJC., Russia’s Perception Warfare. The development of Gerasimov’s doctrine in Estonia and Georgia and it’s application in Ukraine, Jaargang 185 Nummer 4 – 2016.

Shaban H., Timberg C., Dwoskin E., Facebook, Google and Twitter testified on Capitol Hill. Here’s what they said, Washington Post 31.10.2017.

Shanker T. and Landler M., Putin Says U.S. is Undermining Global Stability, The New York Times 2007, 11.02.2007.

Shekovtsow A., The challenge of Russia´s antiinformation warfare, in: Diplomaatia, Sonderheft, April 2014.

Sukhankin S., The Western Alliance In The Face Of The Russian (Dis) Information Machine: Where Does Canada Stand?, SPP Research Paper, Volume 12:26 September 2019, Calgary 2019.

Sykulski L., Rosyjska koncepcja wojen buntowniczych Jewgienija Messnera [Yevgeny Messner's Russian Concept of Rebel Wars], Przegląd Geopolityczny, tom 11, 2015, Warsaw 2015, 103–112.

The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation, Моsсow 2010.

Thomas TL., Nation-State Cyber Strategies: Examples from China and Russia, 2017, https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Portals/68/Documents/Books/CTBSP-Exports/Cyberpower/Cyberpower-I-Chap-20.pdf?ver=2017-06-16-115054-850, accessed 11.11.2020.

Thomas TL., Russian Information Warfare Theory: The Consequences of August 2008, [in:] The Russian Military Today and Tomorrow:Essays in Memory of Mary Fitzgerald, Blank SJ, Weitz R (red.), Carlisle 2010.

Thomas TL., Russian Forecasts of Future War, Military Revie, May-June 2019, 84–93.

Ven Bruusgaard K., Crimea and Russia’s Strategic Overhaul, Parameters, Vol. 44, No. 3, Autumn 2014.

Vojennaja doktrina Rossijskoj Fiedieracyi [The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation], Москва 2014.

Zetter K., Inside the cunning, unprecedented hack of Ukraine’s power grid, Wired 08.03.2017.

Opublikowane
2022-09-01
Dział
Artykuły recenzowane